CBSE Class 12 Maths Syllabus 2025

Periodic Classification of Elements: You must have noticed in a retail shop, to make it easier to find related items, the shopkeeper arranges them together...

Principle of Calorimetry: When we talk about energy, we generally talk about the kinetic energy and potential energy of an object as a whole. Kinetic...

Experiment Based on Hard and Soft Water: As we know, a major part of living organisms is made up of water. With water being very...

Measurement of Energy Changes - Calorimetry: We all know the fact that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. Every substance in this universe...

Forced Oscillations and Resonance: Would you believe if you were told that a group of soldiers once broke a bridge just by marching over it?...

Proteomics, Biochip and Forensic Technologies: In the post-genomic era, proteomics is a new field of study that involves determining the structures and functions of all...

Activation Energy Formula: In our body, millions of chemical reactions take place every time. These chemical reactions are responsible for supporting life. Now, many molecules...

Combustion and Respiration: Combustion is the process of burning something. Any carbon-containing substance reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide gas, water vapour, along with...

Properties of Real Number: Real numbers are any numbers one can think of. In other words, real numbers are all the numbers that are rational...

Geothermal Energy: Countries worldwide are much more aware of the damages that the rampant use of fossil fuel-based sources of energy are causing. Therefore, there...

Ratio: Comparison is a general phenomenon used in daily life to compare two similar quantities. It is used to compare how big or small one...

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gas: We have learned about different laws applied to ideal gases. Like any laws, these ideal gas laws are merely summaries...

Flagella and Cilia: Have you seen some microorganisms like Euglena and Paramoecium having hair-like or thread-like appendages that help the movement? The Flagella and Cilia are microscopic, contractile and filamentous processes...

Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients of a Polynomial: Polynomials are algebraic expressions made up of variables and constants that have whole number exponents. We know...

Mode of Ungrouped Data: Mode can be defined as the observation with the highest frequency. It is referred to as a significant phenomenon associated with...

Factor Theorem: A theorem establishing the relationship between factors and zeros of a polynomial is a factor theorem. It is used when factoring the polynomials...

Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices: The development of the concept of matrices results from an attempt to obtain compact and straightforward methods of solving a...

Differentiation Using Chain Rule or Substitution: Differentiation has its uses in Mathematics, such as finding the rate of change of a quantity, finding the approximation...

Polynomial is an algebraic expression in which the exponents of all variables are whole numbers. Polynomials also consist of coefficients and variables. It is essential...

Derivatives of Polynomial and Trigonometric Functions: We use the concept of derivatives to express the rate of change in any function (polynomial function, trigonometric, and...

Colour of Salts and Their Solutions: In chemistry, salt is defined as a chemical compound that consists of ions, i.e., a positively charged cation and...

Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy: Metallurgy is an important process of extraction of metals from their ores, and it is based upon various principles of chemistry....

Protection of Lyophobic Sols and Gold Number: Solutions are of three types based on the particle size. They are the true solution, colloidal solution, and...

Balancing a Chemical Equation: We know that chemical compounds are broken up during a chemical reaction to form new compounds. A chemical reaction follows the...

Selective Discharge of Ions: Electrolysis is a process employed to separate an ionic compound into its ions. The ionic compound is taken in an electrolytic...

Electronic Configurations and Types of Elements: The electronic configuration of atoms, along with the Aufbau (build-up) principle, provide a theoretical foundation for the periodic classification...

Chemical Equivalents: Stoichiometric calculations are extremely important in chemistry because every chemical reaction requires stringent measures of reactants to form the desired number of products....