LEARNING
OUTCOMES

Critical Pedagogy is a philosophy of education that advocates emancipation from oppression through an awakening of the critical consciousness. It insists that issues of social justice and democracy are relevant to acts of teaching and learning. Proponents of Critical Pedagogy, for example, have sought to develop means of teaching to combat racism, sexism, and other kinds of oppression.

In Competency-Based Learning, learners focus on acquiring mastery of knowledge and skills and not on the duration of the course. Here, knowledge is not imposed on the learners. Individuals learn at their own pace until they attain a specific degree of mastery over a particular course or subject and then they move on to the next level. This approach ensures everybody reaches a certain level and is capable of solving real-life problems.

The role of interactions or conversations in the construction of knowledge is well researched. Many theories and models, related to instructional design and learning styles, came out in the process. The Conversation Theory is one such theory that emphasises on the importance of interactions that individuals engage in to develop their knowledge and understanding of various concepts.

Every student is different. Not only do they have different learning goals, but the differences can also be seen in their strengths, weaknesses, and requirements. Effective learning requires their individual needs to be catered to. It requires personalised intervention and support that is specifically tailored to each student. In a nutshell, it requires the learning process to be student-centric rather than teacher-centric.

Many researchers believe that learning has a social context. This means construction of knowledge and hence, human development happens through interaction with others. Social Constructivism is one such theory that emphasises and explains the collaborative nature of learning.

The term "Unschooling" was coined by educator John Holt in the 1970s. It is an informal style of learning wherein children learn through natural life experiences and daily activities. Unschooling is considered a curriculum-free implementation of homeschooling. This method of learning advocates learner-chosen activities as the primary means of gaining knowledge and developing skills.

One of the popular pedagogical models that help educators and instructional designers structure their training sessions and teaching process is Gagne’s Nine Events of Instruction. This model addresses the mental conditions for learning and thereby, ensures effective learning.

Combination Learning is a new technique of teaching and learning. Developed by TeachThought, this method advocates learning through a flexible combination of two or more learning components. Modern learning environments provide endless opportunities and possibilities, and this learning strategy caters to that as it is flexible and adaptable to a variety of grade levels, content areas, availability of resources and infrastructure.

Radical Constructivism is a theory of knowledge that provides a pragmatic approach to the questions related to reality, truth, and human understanding. The term was coined by Ernst von Glasersfeld in 1974. This theory places individuals or learners as the central element in making sense of the world and in construction of knowledge.

Experiential Education is a teaching philosophy that argues effective learning doesn’t involve books and notes, chalks and duster. Instead, it requires learners to live in a community wherein there is interaction between the learners and the teachers. It advocates various application-based activities to construct knowledge and develop skills.

Multiple Intelligences is a theory that proposes the differentiation of human intelligence into specific “modalities of intelligence”. According to this theory, teachers and guides should be aware of each and every student’s intelligence modalities. This allows the teachers to design the learning experience of the students better by picking acceptable activities for them, thereby, guiding their learning journey more effectively.