According to the band theory, the atoms are arranged very close to each other such that the energy levels of the outermost orbital electrons are affected. But the energy level of the innermost electrons is not affected by the neighbouring atoms. The three energy bands in solids are Valence band, Conduction band and the Forbidden band. \nAccording to the band theory of solids, in atoms, electrons are filled in respective energy orbits and in molecules, Two atomic orbitals combine to form a molecular orbit with two distinct energy levels. In solids, these energy levels form overlapping energy levels called energy bands. This theory helps to visualise the difference between conductor, semiconductors and insulator by plotting available energies for an electron in a material.
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Conductors: Metals are conductors in which there is no forbidden energy gap between the conduction band (CB) and valence band (VB). No extra energy required to transfer the electron from VB to CB.
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Semiconductors: In a semiconductor, the valence band is completely filled with electrons while the conduction band is empty. The energy gap between the bands is less. For electrons to jump from the valence band to the conduction band, room temperature needs to be maintained. If the temperature is, there is no transfer of electrons from the valence band to the conduction band.
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Insulators:
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In insulators, the valence band is completely filled while the conduction band is empty. This results in a large energy gap. Since the energy gap between the conduction band and the valence band is more, there is no movement of electrons from the valence band to the conduction band.
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Kumar Mittal Physics Solutions for Exercise - QUESTIONS
Simple step-by-step solutions to QUESTIONS questions of Semiconductor Electronics from ISC Physics Class 12, Part-2. Also get 3D topic explainers, cheat sheets, and unlimited doubts solving on EMBIBE.
Explain briefly what is meant by extrinsic semiconductors, including the terms donor and acceptor impurities as well as -type and -type semiconductors.
Explain formation of energy bands in solids. Distinguish conductors, insulators and semiconductors on the basis of forbidden gap by using symbolic diagram.
What is doping in semiconductors? Explain and -type of semiconductors by selecting an element from third and fifth group and also explain acceptor and donor nature of these elements mixed with a pure semiconductor.
What do you understand by intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor? Explain the conductivity of semiconductor and its dependency on change in temperature.