K A Tsokos Solutions for Chapter: Atomic, Nuclear and Particle Physics, Exercise 1: Test yourself

The graph shows the variation with time of the activity of a radioactive sample,

Use the graph to estimate half life of the sample.

The graph shows the variation with time of the activity of a radioactive sample,

On a copy of graph  extend the curve to show the variation of activity for a time up to $12 \min .$

The graph shows the variation with time of the activity of a radioactive sample,

The sample contains a radioactive element $\mathrm{X}$ that decays into a stable element $\mathrm{Y}$. At $\mathrm{t}=0$, no atoms of $\mathrm{Y}$  are in the sample present

in the sample. Determine the time after which the ratio of $\mathrm{Y}$ atoms to $\mathrm{X}$ atom is $7$

In a study of the intensity of gamma rays from a radioactive source, it is suspected that the counter rate $\mathrm{C}$ at a distance $\mathrm{d}$ from the source behaves as $\mathrm{C}\propto {\left(\frac{1}{\mathrm{d}+{\mathrm{d}}_0}\right)}^2$  where $d_0$= unknown constant. A set of data for $\mathrm{C} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{d}$ is given. Outline how the data must be plotted in order to get a straight line

The intensity of gamma rays of specific energy (monochromatic rays) decreases exponentially with the thickness $\mathrm{x}$ of the absorbing material according to the equation

$\mathrm{I}={\mathrm{I}}_0{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{\mu x}}$   where $I_0$= intensity at the face of the absorber and $\mu$ is a constant depending upon the material

Discuss how the intensity $\mathrm{I}$ and thickness $\mathrm{x}$ should be plotted in order to allow an accurate determination of the constant $\mu$.

State the name of dominant forces between two protons separated by a distance of $1\times {10}^{-15 }\mathrm{m}$

State the name of dominant forces between two protons separated by a distance of $1\times {10}^{-14 }\mathrm{m}$.

Large stable nuclei have more neutrons than protons. Explain this observation by reference to the properties of strong nuclear force.