Solutions of Metals And Nonmetals from Secondary Chemistry

This topic explains the concept of metal and valency with examples. Further, we will learn here how different metals possess different valencies.

This topic covers the physical properties of metals. These include the physical state, hardness, lustre, among other features. It also discusses the thermal and electrical conductivity of metals.

In this topic, we will learn about the physical properties of non-metals such as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, etc. The physical states of non-metals, malleability, ductility, lustre and hardness, are discussed here.

This topic sheds light on the exceptional behaviour of some metals and non-metals. Physical properties of metals are compared with that of non-metals.

This topic explains the chemical properties of metals with examples. They are electropositive elements that tend to lose electrons and form cations.

This topic discusses on how metal reacts with oxygen to form oxides of the respective metals. It also explains the reaction of oxygen with sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium.

This topic explains the action of water on various metals, such as aluminium, iron, etc. We will learn here how the molecules of metals react when they come in contact with water.

This topic explains how acids react with metals. An experimental activity is described to make the concept clear. It also covers the practical aspects involved in the reaction between metals and acids.

In this topic, we will discuss reactivity series of metals. In this series, metals are arranged in decreasing order of their reactivity. The reactivity series arranges metals according to their decreasing reactivity.

This topic explains in detail the displacement reaction. In a displacement reaction, a reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution like iron displaces a less reactive copper from its salt solution.

This topic explains that rusting is the corrosion of iron, which results in the formation of oxides of the surface. Rusting can be prevented by a number of methods such as galvanization, alloy formation, electroplating, etc.

This topic explains the phenomena of chemical bonding. Metals and nonmetals react with each other to form a chemical bond. According to the electronic theory of chemical bonding, chemical bonds are formed between atoms to attain stability.

This topic states that there are two types of covalent bonds, namely, electrovalent or ionic bond and a covalent bond. Ionic bonds are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons. Covalent bonds are formed when electrons are shared between atoms.

This topic discusses the formation of electrovalent bond. The ionic bond formation is based on the electronic theory of valency. On losing electrons, an atom becomes positively charged. On gaining electrons, it becomes negatively charged.

This topic discusses the effect of electrostatic force of attraction. Ionic solids are hard and brittle. They have high melting points. They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

In this topic, we will learn about metallurgy. Metallurgy is the technology and science that deals with the extraction of metals from their ores.

This topic discusses the occurrence of metals. Metals occur in nature in both native and combined states. Metals occur in the earth’s crust as their oxides, sulphides, or carbonates.

In this topic, we will learn the different steps involved in metallurgy. It involves extracting metals from their oxides, refining less reactive metals, changing sulphide ores into oxides, etc.

This topic explains the concept of ore dressing. It is the first step in the process of metallurgy. In this method, gangue is separated from the desired ore. The crude ore is crushed and then grounded into small particles.

This topic shows that the nature of the ore decides the technique that is employed for its dressing. There are three physical methods employed for the dressing of the ore: hydraulic washing, magnetic attraction, and froth floatation process.

This topic sheds light on the chemical methods of ore dressing. The methods of slagging and leaching are explained here through descriptive demonstrations.

This topic teaches that all metals do not occur as oxides in their ores. The methods to convert ores into their metal oxides are calcination and roasting. We will learn about these phenomena in detail through illustrations.

This topic discusses the isolation of metals low in reactivity series. Metals which lie in the lower end of the reactivity series are non-reactive. Mercury can be isolated from its ore, mercuric sulphide, when it is heated in the air.

This topic discusses the isolation of metals that are in the middle of the reactivity series. Metals that lie in the middle of the reactivity series are reduced by carbon to isolate the respective metals.

This topic discusses the isolation of metals in the high level of reactivity series. Metals that lie at the high end in the reactivity series are isolated from their fused chlorides by passing electric current using the process of electrolysis.

In this topic, we will learn about the refining process of impure metal. The impurities in the metal are removed using several methods such as distillation, oxidation, liquefaction, cupellation, and poling.

This topic explains how the electrolytic refining process is carried out in an electrolytic cell. It is a method of purifying metals. The components of the electrolytic cell are battery, a block of impure metal, a strip of pure metal, and electrolyte.

This topic explains alloys in detail. Alloys are the homogenous materials that form when two or more elements are melted and then cooled. An alloy of copper and zinc is brass. Alloys do not corrode.