A plasmid DNA and a linear DNA (both are of the same size) have one site for a restriction endonuclease. When cut and separated on agarose gel electrophoresis, plasmid shows one DNA band while linear DNA shows two fragments. Explain.

A plasmid without a selectable marker was chosen as vector for cloning a gene. How does this affect the experiment?

What would happen when one grows a recombinant bacterium in a bioreactor but forget to add antibiotic to the medium in which the recombinant is growing?

Identify and explain steps 'A', 'B' and 'C' in the PCR diagram given below.

Name the regions marked A, B and C.

For selection of recombinants, insertional inactivation of antibiotic marker has been superseded by insertional inactivation of a marker gene coding for a chromogenic substrate. Give reasons.