What is exogenous phase in the lifecycle of Ascaris ?

Ascaris belongs to Helminthes and is an intestinal endoparasite. Their primary host are humans. Exogenous phase in the lifecycle of Ascaris indicates the temporary stage outside the primary host body. They are released as embryonated eggs and through the food, water, and soil infect children and adults.

What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an ultrafiltrate of plasma present within the cavities of the brain called ventricles, the subarachnoid spaces of the cranium and spine. It performs vital functions, including providing nourishment, waste removal, and protection to the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid has three main functions: • Protect brain and spinal cord from mechanical and physical trauma. • Supply nutrients to nervous tissue. • Remove waste products of the cerebral metabolism.

Mention the name and symptoms of the disease characterised by increased BMR?

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) refers to the amount of energy per unit of time that a person needs to keep the body functioning at rest. The thyroid controls the metabolism with a few specific hormones — T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine). When thyroid works properly, it maintains metabolic rate of the body. Hyperthyroidism is a condition of thyroid gland in which the BMR increases. Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterised the increased BMR. In this disease, the entire thyroid gland might be overactive and produce too much hormone. This problem is also causes the enlargement of thyroid gland. The symptoms of this disease are: Exophthalmia (Protruded eyeballs) Loss of weight Increased appetite Rapid heart beat Nervousness and restlessness.

Name the chemical alarm signals released by damaged mast cells.

Mast cells are present in the connective tissue. These cells are responsible for immediate allergic reactions due to the release of chemicals Histamine and heparin. Histamine is an inflammatory agent that increases the vascular permeability in the capillaries and also causes the contraction of smooth muscles, thus causing inflammation. Heparin however is an anticoagulant that prevents the clotting of blood within the blood vessels. One of them is a natural anticoagulant. Symptoms of allergy are caused due to the release of this substance.