Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri is in which district of Rajasthan?

1. Flora and Fauna in India:

(i) In terms of biological variety, India is one of the biggest countries across the globe. Different varieties of forests and wildlife are found in India.

(ii) Biodiversity, also known as biological diversity, is incorporated into a system via various interdependent networks.

(iii) Based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), we can classify it as follows:

(a) Normal Species-Species whose population numbers are thought to be appropriate for their survival.

(b) Endangered Species - These species are on the verge of extinction for example- blackbuck, lion-tailed macaque.

(c) Vulnerable Species - These are species whose population have declined to that level that is likely to move into endangered species if their level continues to decrease in future.

(d) Rare Species - Species with minimal population, may move to the endangered category if the negative factors will affect them continuously.

(e) Endemic Species - These species are found in some areas usually isolated by nature or geographical barriers.

(f) Extinct Species - These species are already disappeared from a particular region, country or continent or on earth example - The Asiatic Cheetah.

2. Factors that cause fearful depletion of flora and fauna:

(i) Excessive consumption of natural resources for fulfilling human needs. 

(ii) Large scale development of projects and mining activities have also contributed significantly to the loss of forests.

(iii) The expansion of the railways, agriculture, cultural and scientific forestry. Habitat destruction, hunting, poaching, over-exploitation, and environmental pollution led to a decline in bio-diversity.

(iv) Unequal access and inequitable consumption of resources without taking any responsibility for the environmental well-being.

3. Conservation of Forest and Wildlife:

(i) Conservation preserves the ecological diversity and preserves the genetic diversity of plants and animals.

(ii) The Indian Wildlife Protection Act was implemented in $1972$, for protecting habitats and all Indian lists of protected species.

(iii) Several projects for protecting specific animals, were announced by the Central government.

(iv) Understanding Project Tiger:

(a) Tiger is one of the key wildlife species in the faunal web. 

(b) The major threats to the tiger population are numerous such as poaching for trade, shrinking habitat, depletion of prey base species and growing human population.

(c) Asian countries left the tiger on the verge of extinction due to the trade of tiger skins and the use of their bones in medicines.

(d) “Project Tiger”, launched in $1973$ was the most well-publicised wildlife campaign in the world.

(e) Tiger conservation has been viewed not only as an effort to save endangered species but with equal importance as a means of preserving biotypes of sizeable magnitude.

4. Types and Distribution of Forests and Wildlife Resources:

(i) In India, the government owns and manages the forests and wildlife resources through the Forest Department. These are classified under the following:

(a) Reserved Forest - More than half of India's forest cover has been designated as reserved forest. In terms of conservation forests, it is regarded as the most valuable resource.

(b) Protected Forest - One-third of the entire forest area has been designated as protected forest by the forest department. This forest land is safe from further exploitation.

(c) Unclassed Forest -The unclassed forest and wasteland belong to both government and private individuals and communities. Unclassed forest covers a large portion of the North-Eastern states and parts of Gujarat.

5. Conservation:

(i) The villagers in the Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, fought against mining through the Wildlife Protection Act.

(ii) The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared $1200$ hectares of forest as the Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri. Villagers do not allow hunting.

(iii) The famous Chipko Movement in the Himalayas was one successful attempt to resist deforestation. The movement also resulted in community afforestation.

(iv) Farmers and citizen groups like the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have shown adequate levels of diversified crop production without the use of chemical fertilisers.

(v) Joint forest management(JFM) initiative is an excellent example of incorporating local communities into forest management and restoration.

(vi) The National Forest Policy of $\mathbf{1988}$ was created to achieve the stability of the environment through the conservation of forests.