Respiration is a chemical process where oxygen is taken in and which reacts chemically with food in the body and metabolize it and release carbon dioxide and energy. The energy released during respiration is essential for the survival of the organism.

Explain the mechanism of respiration.

The process of respiration initiates usually with glucose. Pyruvic acid is formed in the initial stages of aerobic and anaerobic respiration by the breakdown of glucose. The process of formation of pyruvic acid is called Glycolysis or EMP Pathway (Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway). EMP process does not require O 2 , but it can also take place in the presence of oxygen. After this step, pyruvic acid's fate is decided by the presence or absence of oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, the complete oxidation of pyruvic acid into H 2 O and CO 2 occurs and the chemical reactions involved in it are called the Tri-Carboxylic Acid cycle (TCA Cycle) or Krebs Cycle. Kreb's cycle occurs in mitochondria. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvic acid forms ethyl alcohol (C 2 H 5 OH) and CO 2 in the cytoplasm. This process is called anaerobic respiration.

Respiration is a chemical process where oxygen is taken in and which reacts chemically with food in the body and metabolize it and release carbon dioxide and energy. The energy released during respiration is essential for the survival of the organism.

Explain the mechanism of glomerular filtration in urine formation

Glomerular filtration occurs in the glomerulus where blood is filtered. This process occurs across the three layers- epithelium of Bowman’s capsule, endothelium of glomerular blood vessels, and a membrane between these two layers. The glomerulus is a complex network of blood capillaries that is surrounded by Bowman's capsule. It occurs at the barrier between the blood and the filtrate in the glomerular capsule in the kidneys. The pressure of blood and concentration gradients lead to a separation of components through a semipermeable membrane. The product of ultrafiltration is the glomerular filtrate that contains excess water, salts, ions, nitrogenous waste, and nutrients.

The living organisms produce various waste products such as uric acid, carbon dioxide, urea, ammonia, etc as a result of various metabolic reactions taking place in their bodies. The process of removal of wastes from the body is called excretion.

Which blood group is universal recipient?

People with type AB+ (AB positive) blood group are universal recipients as they have all the antigens on the RBC surface and no antibodies in the blood plasma. Hence, there will be no antigen-antibody reaction. Therefore, they can receive blood from a donor of any blood type. This is the rarest blood group.