used to indicate the side chains, substituents and low priority functional groups

based on the number of carbon atoms

When soap is used for washing clothes with hard water, it reacts with the calcium and magnesium ions of hard water to form an insoluble precipitate known as scum. It sticks to the cloth during washing making the process difficult.

A compound ‘ X ’ on heating with excess conc. sulphuric acid at 443 K gives an unsaturated compound ‘ Y ’. ‘ X ’ also reacts with sodium metal to evolve a colourless gas ‘ Z ’. Identify ‘ X ’, ‘ Y ’ and ‘ Z ’. Write the equation of the chemical reaction of formation of ‘ Y ’ and also write the role of sulphuric acid in the reaction.

Compound X is CH 3 CH 2 OH -ethanol, which on heating with concentrated sulphuric acid at 443 K gives ethene, which is an unsaturated compound. Ethanol reacts with sodium metal to produce sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas ' Z '. CH 3 CH 2 OH + Na → CH 3 CH 2 ONa + H 2 Chemical reaction of formation of Y is, CH 3 CH 2 OH Ethanol → 443 K Conc . H 2 SO 4 CH 2 = CH 2 Ethene + H 2 O Here, concentrated sulphuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent, it removes water molecule from ethanol.

What is the difference between soaps and detergents?

Soap Detergent 1. It is sodium or potassium salt of Carboxylic acids. 1. It is ammonium or sodium sulphonate salt of hydrocarbons. 2. Soaps are bio-degradable. 2. Some detergents are non- biodegradable. 3. Soaps do not lather in hard water. 3. Detergent lather well in hard water. 4. Weak cleansing action. 4. Have strong cleansing action.