How can the following conversion be carried out?

Toluene to benzyl alcohol

How can the following conversion be carried out?

Benzene to biphenyl

How can the following conversion be carried out?

Benzene to 4-bromonitrobenzene

How can the following conversion be carried out?

Aniline to chlorobenzene

Explain the following:

Chlorine present in chlorobenzene is ortho and para directing

Explain the following:

Aryl halides are extremely less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution.

Explain the following:

Presence of a nitro group at ortho or para position increases the reactivity of haloarenes towards nucleophilic substitution.

Explain the following:

Aryl iodides can be prepared by reaction of arenes with iodine in presence of an oxidizing agent.