How can you bring out the conversion of ethanal to 2-hydroxy -3-butanoic acid.

Explain the action of hydrogen cyanide on acetophenone.

Explain the action of the following reagents on acetophenone:

Conc.${\mathrm{HNO}}_3$ in the presence of Conc.${\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{SO}}_4$.

How can you bring out the following conversions?

Methanal to ethanal

How can you bring out the following conversions?

Ethanal to 2-hydroxy butanoic acid

How can you bring out the following conversions?

Acetylene to acetone.