Fermentors are metallic containers used for growing organisms (yeast, bacteria or animal cells) under controlled conditions. It is also called bioreactors. It is the system that supports the growth of cells, tissues or organisms and is used in industrial processes to produce vaccines, alcohol or antibodies.

What is biopesticide? How Bacillus thuringiensis is used as biopesticide?

Biopesticides are a type of pesticides derived from natural materials such as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain organic substances. There is a group of pesticides called microbial pesticides that contains microorganisms such as bacteria, entomopathogenic fungi or viruses. Bacillus thuringiensis is a species of Gram-positive bacteria, which is used as a biopesticide. These bacteria live in soil and make proteins toxic to some insects when eaten but not others. During sporulation, many of these bacterial strains produce crystal proteins (Cry proteins) called delta endotoxins that have insecticidal action. These cry proteins bind to specific receptors on the membranes of epithelial cells present in the mid-gut of the targeted pests, resulting in their rupture.

Biogas, is defined as the mixture of gas produced by the anaerobic breakdown of biomass with the help of methanogenic bacteria. The biogas is made up of methane (50-70%), carbon dioxide (30-40%) with traces of nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, and hydrogen. It is also called gobar gas. This gas can be produced by waste material coming from agriculture fields, and manure, municipal waste.

Draw a labelled diagram of typical biogas plant.

Biogas is defined as the mixture of gas (mostly methane) produced by the anaerobic breakdown of biomass with the help of methanogenic bacteria. The biogas plant tank is fed with a mixture of dung or waste materials from the kitchen and soil along with water.

Fermentors are metallic containers used for growing organisms (yeast, bacteria or animal cells) under controlled conditions. It is also called bioreactors. It is the system that supports the growth of cells, tissues or organisms and is used in industrial processes to produce vaccines, alcohol or antibodies.