Outline examples of the reaction products of incomplete combustion which may form if oxygen is a limiting reactant.

Present each reaction below as a thermochemical equation by including $∆\mathrm{H}$, to indicate whether it is exothermic or endothermic.

Combustion of methanol:

$2{\mathrm{CH}}_3\mathrm{OH}\left(\mathrm{l}\right)+3{\mathrm{O}}_2\left(\mathrm{g}\right)\to 2{\mathrm{CO}}_2\left(\mathrm{g}\right)+4{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}\left(\mathrm{l}\right)$

Explain the reaction below as a thermochemical equation by including $∆\mathrm{H}$, to indicate whether it is exothermic or endothermic.

Decomposition of ammonium iodide:

${\mathrm{NH}}_4\mathrm{I}\left(\mathrm{s}\right)\to {\mathrm{NH}}_3\left(\mathrm{g}\right)+\mathrm{HI}\left(\mathrm{g}\right)$

Present each reaction below as a thermochemical equation by including $∆\mathrm{H}$, to indicate whether it is exothermic or endothermic.

Neutralisation of nitric acid by barium hydroxide solution:

$2{\mathrm{HNO}}_3\left(\mathrm{aq}\right)+\mathrm{Ba}{\left(\mathrm{OH}\right)}_2\left(\mathrm{aq}\right)\to \mathrm{Ba}{\left({\mathrm{NO}}_3\right)}_2\left(\mathrm{aq}\right)+2{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}\left(\mathrm{l}\right)$

Present the reaction below as a thermochemical equation by including $∆\mathrm{H}$, to indicate whether it is exothermic or endothermic.

The reaction between water and calcium oxide forms calcium hydroxide.

$\mathrm{CaO}\left(\mathrm{s}\right)+{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}\left(\mathrm{l}\right)\to \mathrm{Ca}{\left(\mathrm{OH}\right)}_2\left(\mathrm{aq}\right)$

Present each reaction below as a thermochemical equation by including $∆\mathrm{H}$, to indicate whether it is exothermic or endothermic.

The burning of potassium in the air to form potassium oxide.

$4\mathrm{K}\left(\mathrm{s}\right)+{\mathrm{O}}_2\left(\mathrm{g}\right)\to 2{\mathrm{K}}_2\mathrm{O}\left(\mathrm{s}\right)$

Suggest with reference to the table below:

Why water is used in calorimeters?

Suggest with reference to the table below:

Why does ethanol have a higher specific heat capacity than hexane?

Calculate the amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of water in these situations. The specific heat capacity of water is $4.18{\mathrm{Jg}}^{-1} °{\mathrm{C}}^{-1}$.

$1.00 {\mathrm{dm}}^3$ of water from $20°\mathrm{C} \mathrm{to} 28°\mathrm{C}$