Reducing carbohydrates such as glucose exist in solutions predominantly in their cyclic forms, which do not readily undergo oxidation. Draw the form of glucose that can be oxidized by copper(II) ions.

Lactulose is a synthetic, non-digestible disaccharide that is used in the treatment of chronic constipation and liver disease. This disaccharide contains the residues of galactose and fructose. The formula of α-lactulose is given below

Identify the glycosidic link in lactulose by drawing a circle around it.

Lactulose is a synthetic, non-digestible disaccharide that is used in the treatment of chronic constipation and liver disease. This disaccharide contains the residues of galactose and fructose. The formula of α-lactulose is given below

Suggest whether lactulose is a reducing or non-reducing sugar. Explain your answer.

In making candy or sugar syrup, sucrose is boiled in water with a small amount of organic acid, such as citric acid from lemon juice. Explain why the product mixture tastes sweeter than the initial sucrose solution.

Lactose is a typical disaccharide. Suggest a reason why fatty acids can be attached to it.

The fatty acids in olestra are smaller than those in cooking fats. Suggest a reason for this.