Sketch a graph to show the effect that a change in pH will have on the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction.

Explain why changing the pH affects the catalytic ability of enzymes.

State the major function of enzymes in the human body.

Describe the mechanism of enzyme action in terms of structure.

Given figure shows how the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction changes as the substrate concentration is increased. Use the graph to determine ${\mathrm{V}}_{\max }$ and the Michaelis constant, ${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{m}}$.

Draw a line on a sketch of the graph to represent the effect of adding a competitive inhibitor.

State and explain the effects of heavy-metal ions and temperature increases on enzyme activity.

Describe the operating principles of a UV-vis spectrometer.

Draw the structure of a complementary base pair formed by uracil and adenine. State the nature of the intermolecular bonds between these nitrogenous bases.