Tetanus is a bacterial disease that may be acquired during accidents in which a wound is exposed to the soil. B-lymphocytes originate from the stem cells in bone marrow, mature and circulate around the body. Following infection by tetanus bacteria, some B-lymphocytes will become activated as shown in the diagram. Explain the role of stem cells in the production of lymphocytes. Enable Ginger Cannot connect to Ginger Check your internet connection or reload the browser Disable in this text field Rephrase Rephrase current sentence 2 Log in to edit with Ginger × Enable Ginger Cannot connect to Ginger Check your internet connection or reload the browser Disable in this text field Rephrase Rephrase current sentence 0 Log in to edit with Ginger ×

T lymphocytes originate from haemopoietic stem cells within the bone marrow. Since stem cells can give birth to all different types of blood cells, they are often known as pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells. Some of these multi-powerful cells eventually become lymphoid progenitor cells that leave the bone marrow and move into the thymus via the blood.

The diagram shows an antibody molecule. The regions X and Y.

An antibody has a 'Y' shaped structure. It is made up of four polypeptide subunits. Each sub-unit is equipped with two identical lightweight and heavy chains. There is one variable region and three constant regions in the heavy chains of antibodies. Each antibody has two identical antigen binding sites, and they are different in antibodies. The region of 'X' is constant region. The region of 'Y' is variable region.

The diagram shows an antibody molecule. The bond labelled Z.

They are Y-shaped proteins that consist of 4 polypeptide chains that is two heavy chains and two light chains that are identical. The two chains, heavy and light are held together by the disulphide bond to form a flexible Y shape. The disulphide bond present between the two chains to maintain the shape. The labelled 'Z' is Disulphide bond.

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The following occur during the response to infection:

1. Attachment of bacteria to cell surface membrane of phagocyte.

2. Movement of phagocyte to site of infection by bacteria.

3. Formation of phagocytic vacuole.

4. Fusion of lysosomes to the phagocytic vacuole.

5. Infolding of cell surface membrane.

6. Release of enzymes into the phagocytic vacuole.

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Important Questions on Immunity

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Biology for Cambridge International AS & A Level coursebook 2nd Edition Digital Access>Chapter 11 - Immunity>EXAM-STYLE QUESTIONS>Q 3

Which of the following explains why antibody molecules have quaternary structure?

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Biology for Cambridge International AS & A Level coursebook 2nd Edition Digital Access>Chapter 11 - Immunity>EXAM-STYLE QUESTIONS>Q 4

Which type of immunity is provided by vaccination?

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Biology for Cambridge International AS & A Level coursebook 2nd Edition Digital Access>Chapter 11 - Immunity>EXAM-STYLE QUESTIONS>Q 5

Which describes the cells that produce monoclonal antibodies (Mabs)?

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Biology for Cambridge International AS & A Level coursebook 2nd Edition Digital Access>Chapter 11 - Immunity>EXAM-STYLE QUESTIONS>Q 8

Tetanus is a bacterial disease that may be acquired during accidents in which a wound is exposed to the soil.

B-lymphocytes originate from the stem cells in bone marrow, mature and circulate around the body. Following infection by tetanus bacteria, some B-lymphocytes will become activated as shown in the diagram.

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