The members of the Constituent Assembly which drafted the Constitution of India were _____.
Important Points to Remember in Chapter -1 - Making of the Constitution from Cengage Experts Team Indian Polity For UPSC And State Civil Services Examinations Solutions
Making of the Constitution
- Framing of the Indian Constitution: The idea to have a Constitution was first given by MN Roy in the year 1934. And in 1935 for the 1st time the Indian National Congress officially demanded for a constituent assembly. The demand was finally accepted in principle by the British Government, which was known as the ‘August Offer’ of 1940. The Constitution was framed by the Constituent Assembly of India. Dr. B.R Ambedkar introduced the final draft of the constitution in the Assembly on November 4, 1948.
- Enactment of the Constitution: The Constituent Assembly took two years, 11 months and 18 days to complete the Constitution. The Constitution is adopted on 26th November 1949, contained a Preamble, 395 Articles divided into 22 Parts and 8 Schedules. The Constitution came into force on 26th January 1950, known as Republic Day of India and the National Flag was adopted on 22nd July 1947 designed by Pingali Venkayya.
- The constitution as adopted on November 26, 1949, contained a Preamble, 395 articles and 8 schedules.
- Parts and Articles of Indian Constitution:
Part Subject Articles Part I The Union and its territory Art. 1 to 4 Part II Citizenship Art. 5 to 11 Part III Fundamental Rights Art. 12 to 35 Part IV Directive Principles
Art. 36 to 51 Part IVA Fundamental Duties Art. 51A Part V The Union Art. 52 to 151 Part VI The States Art. 152 to 237 Part VII Repealed by Const. (7th Amendment) Act, 1956 Part VIII The Union Territories Art. 239 to 242 Part IX The Panchayats Art. 243 to 243O Part IXA The Municipalities Art. 243P to 243ZG Part IXB Co-operative Societies Art. 243H to 243ZT Part X The Scheduled and Tribal Areas Art. 244 to 244A Part XI Relations between the Union and the States Art. 245 to 263 Part XII Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits Art. 264 to 300A Part XIII Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory of India Art. 301 to 307 Part XIV Services under the Union and the States Art. 308 to 323 Part XIVA Tribunals Art. 323A to 323B Part XV Elections Art. 324 to 329A Part XVI Special provisions relating to certain classes Art. 330 to 342 Part XVII Official Language Art. 343 to 351 Part XVIII Emergency Provisions Art. 352 to 360 Part XIX Miscellaneous Art. 361 to 367 Part XX Amendment of the Constitution Art. 368 Part XXI Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions Art. 369 to 392 Part XXII Short title, commencement, authoritative text in Hindi and repeals Art. 393 to 395 - Preamble: The idea of the Preamble was borrowed from the Constitution of the USA.
- Schedules of Indian Constitution:
Schedule Contains First Schedule Lists the states and territories of India (also about their changes) Second Schedule
Lists the salaries of officials holding public office, Presidents, judges, and Comptroller and Auditor General of India Third Schedule Forms of oaths and Affirmations of offices for elected officials including judges Fourth Schedule Allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (the Upper House of Parliament) per State or Union Territory Fifth Schedule Provisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes Sixth Schedule Provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram Seventh Schedule
The Union (central government), state, and concurrent lists of responsibilities Eight Schedule The Languages Ninth Schedule Validation of certain Acts and Regulations Tenth Schedule "Anti-defection" provisions for the Members of Parliament and the Members of the State Legislatures Eleventh Schedule Panchayat Raj (rural local government) Twelfth Schedule Municipalities (urban local government) - Important facts related to the Indian constitution and polity:
i. Rajya Sabha (Upper House of the Parliament). The maximum permissible strength: 250 (238 members are elected indirectly from the States and Union Territories) + 12 are nominated by the President
ii. The Lok Sabha (Lower House of the Parliament)
iii. Bills may be classified as Ordinary, Money, Financial and Constitutional Amendments.
iv. As soon as a new Lok Sabha is constituted, the President appoints a Speaker pro-tem, who is generally the senior-most member of the House. (It is a temporary office that ceases to exist after the new Speaker is elected by the House.) The Speaker is the head of Lok Sabha.
v. The Supreme Court of India was inaugurated on 28th January 1950.
vi. Presently, the Supreme Court is functioning at full strength (sanctioned strength 34). It has original, appellate, advisory and writ jurisdictions.
vii. The Comptroller and Auditor General are appointed by the President (Article 148 of the Indian Constitution.
viii. The CAG audits all receipts and expenditures of the Union and State Governments.
ix. The Attorney General is the highest law officer in the country (Article 76 of the Constitution).
x. The Governor is the Constitutional Head of the State.
xi. Most of the states have a unicameral system; only six states, i.e. Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Telangana.
xii. There are 24 High Courts in India. The Calcutta High Court, established in 1862, is the oldest High Court in India.
xiii. The Panchayats (Article 243-243 O) Introduced by the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992, which envisaged a three-tier system of local government that is: 1. Gram Panchayat at the village level; 2. Panchayat Samiti at the block level; 3. Zila Parishad at the district level.
xiv. The Municipalities (Article 243 P-243 ZG) introduced by the 74th Amendment Act, 1992.
xv. Union and the States Relations (Article 245-263)
xvi. Article 315- Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States. The first Public Service Commission was set up on the recommendations of the Lee Commission in 1926.
xvii. Registration of the People Act, 1951 provides for the registration of political parties with the election commission.
xviii. NITI Aayog is a policy think-tank of India’s Union Government that replaces the Planning Commission of India and aims to involve the states in economic policy-making in India.
xix. Article 280 of the Constitution of India provides for a Finance Commission as a quasi-judicial body.
