Question

There are various muscles present in the human digestive system known as sphincters. Two examples of those are given below:

1. Pyloric sphincter- at the junction of the stomach and small intestine.

2. Anal sphincter- at the anus.

Give ONE most likely consequence of malfunctioning of each of these sphincters?

Accepted Answer

The sphincter prevents stomach contents, like bile, urine, or faecal matter, from going back up into the esophagus. A ring-shaped muscle that relaxes or tightens to open or close a passage or opening in the body. As the process of digestion in the stomach nears completion, the contraction of the stomach decreases. It prompts the muscles, called the pyloric sphincter at the convergence of the pylorus and duodenum of the small intestine, to relax. It opens the pathway into the duodenum and releases the partially digested food (chyme) in small quantities into the duodenum. If the pyloric sphincter malfunctions, it may cause gastroparesis. Gastroparesis, also known as delayed gastric emptying, is a condition where the stomach's muscles are paralysed and unable to contract or relax, which slows or prevents the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine.

A group of muscles at the end of the rectum that surrounds the anus and controls the releasing of stool, thereby maintaining continence, is known as an anal sphincter. There are two sphincter muscles: one is internal, and one is external. If there is a loss of muscle control in the sphincter, incontinence may occur, and the person may not be able to retain faeces or discharge them properly.

	Bronchus	Bronchiole	Larynx	Trachea
(a)	W	X	Z	Y
(b)	X	Z	Y	W
(c)	Y	W	X	Z
(d)	Z	Y	W	X

Used up	Produced	Remain unchanged
(a) Carbon dioxide	Water	Oxygen
(b) Chlorophyll	Carbon Dioxide	Water
(c) Oxygen	Starch	Cellulose
(d) Water	Oxygen	Chlorophyll

Important Questions on Life Processes

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