VNTRs (Variable number of Tandem Repeats) are the repeated sequences that are usually same from person to person but vary in the number of times they are repeated in a genome. These are used as genetic markers in the DNA fingerprinting technique.

The diagrammatic representation of a process in bacteria is given below: Name the enzyme involved in this process.

The process shown in the given diagram is transcription. During this process, the mRNA is synthesised from the template strand of DNA. The enzyme RNA polymerase is the main enzyme involved in this process.

The diagrammatic representation of a process in bacteria is given below: Explain the three major steps in this process.

The process shown in the given diagram is transcription. During this process, the mRNA is synthesised from the template strand of DNA. The different steps involved in this process are: `1. Initiation. The DNA molecule unwinds and separates to form a small open complex. 2. Elongation. RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, synthesising an mRNA molecule. 3. Termination- occurs when a transcribing RNA polymerase releases the DNA template and the nascent RNA.

The diagrammatic representation of the central dogma given below is not correct. Make necessary corrections and redraw it.

R e p l i c a t i o n ⇆ D N A → T r a n s c r i p t i o n m R N A → T r a n s l a t i o n P r o t e i n The central dogma of molecular biology is the process that transfers genetic information from DNA to RNA and produces a functional protein product. One strand of the new DNA is parent DNA, and the other one is newly synthesised. This process is known as semiconservative DNA replication.

Observe the diagram of Lac operon and identify the labelled parts A, B, C and D.

The lac operon consists of one regulatory gene the i gene which codes for the repressor of the lac operon and three structural genes (z, y, and a). A – Repressor mRNA B – Beta-galactosidase C – Permease D – Transacetylase

In Lac operon, lactose acts as an inducer molecule. Evaluate the statement and explain it.

In Lac operon, lactose acts as an inducer molecule. Lactose that binds with repressor and makes structural modification such that it cannot bind with operator. Therefore, lactose switches off Lac Operon.

Identify the disadvantages of RNA over DNA as genetic material and explain it.

As a genetic material, DNA is better than RNA for the following reasons: Hydroxyl group of RNA is reactive and easily degradable RNA is catalytic and highly reactive Mutation takes place at a faster rate in RNA than DNA Presence of uracil as one of the nitrogen base makes RNA less stable

The diagrammatic representation of a process in bacteria is given below: Explain the three major steps in this process.

The process shown in the given diagram is transcription. During this process, the mRNA is synthesised from the template strand of DNA. The different steps involved in this process are: `1. Initiation. The DNA molecule unwinds and separates to form a small open complex. 2. Elongation. RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, synthesising an mRNA molecule. 3. Termination- occurs when a transcribing RNA polymerase releases the DNA template and the nascent RNA.

The diagrammatic representation of a process in bacteria is given below: Name the enzyme involved in this process.

The process shown in the given diagram is transcription. During this process, the mRNA is synthesised from the template strand of DNA. The enzyme RNA polymerase is the main enzyme involved in this process.