History is the study of the past via the examination of artefacts, written documents, oral traditions, and other documentary evidence, with a focus on human events and cultures. Examining, interpreting, and comprehending historical circumstances, individuals, groups, and relationships are all part of it. History sheds light on how societies, political, social, and economic systems have evolved over time as well as how ideas and beliefs have changed.

A branch of anthropology called archaeology concentrates on the systematic examination of artefacts and material remains in order to study human history and prehistory. It entails the discovery, examination, and interpretation of the physical remains of earlier societies, including tools, ceramics, structures, and other artefacts. Archaeologists work to comprehend human behaviour, social structures, technical development, and environmental changes across time as well as to reconstruct ancient cultures.

The preserved remnants or traces of extinct plants, animals, or other species are known as fossils. Various processes, such as the petrification of organic materials or the preservation of hard body parts like bones, shells, or teeth, can result in the formation of fossils. Scientists can examine and comprehend the evolution of species across millions of years by studying fossils, which offer significant evidence of earlier living forms. Palaeontologists can monitor the evolution of life on Earth, reconstruct ancient ecosystems, and gain insight into the biological and environmental changes that have taken place across geological time by studying fossils.

The term "artifact" refers to anything that was created or altered by humans in the past in the fields of history and archaeology. They can include anything from pottery, jewellery, and architectural constructions to implements, tools, and weaponry. Understanding ancient human cultures, technology, social practises, and daily living requires access to artefacts as a source of information. Insights into ancient cultures' material culture, economic activity, creative expressions, religious beliefs, and social relationships can be gained by analysing artifacts by historians and archaeologists. When reconstructing the past, artifacts act as crucial hints by offering concrete proof of human activity.