What are Tranquilizers? What is their use?

Tranquilizers may be defined as the neurologically active drug which help in reducing stress and fatigue by inducing a sense of well-being. These affect the message transfer mechanism from nerve to receptor for which they are used for the treatment of mild or severe mental disorder. They form an essential component of sleeping pills. For examples, calmpose, equanil, methamphetamine, etc. They are used for mental illness. It is also used to reduce anxiety, tension, fear, and related states of psychiatric disorders.

Differentiate between cationic and anionic detergents giving suitable examples.

Cationic detergents Cationic detergents are quaternary ammonium salts of chlorides, bromides or acetates. A cationic component of these detergents consists of a long hydrocarbon chain and the nitrogen atom has a positive charge in it. Examples: Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is a popular cationic detergent and is used in hair conditioners. Anionic detergents – Anionic detergent is a synthetic detergent in which a lipophilic hydrocarbon group of the molecule is an anion. A detergent molecule consists of a long hydrocarbon chain and a water-soluble negative ionic group i.e sodium salts of the long-chain sulphonated alcohols or hydrocarbons. Example: Sodium alkyl sulphates and Sodium alkyl benzene sulphonates.

What is Tranquilizer? Give use.

The term ‘tranquillizer’ can also refer to anti-anxiety medication. The term was introduced in the year 1953 to describe drugs that have a calming effect. They are the chemical compounds which are very useful in the treatment of stress and mild or severe mental diseases. They induce a sense of well-being in a person thereby releasing him from stress, tension, anxiety or irritability. They are one of the essential components of sleeping pills. There are many types of tranquillizers and each has different modes of functioning. For example- a tranquillizer which helps in uplifting mood is called noradrenaline. If the level of noradrenaline is low then the signal sending activity also becomes low which in return makes a person feel depressed. In these situations antidepressant drugs or a tranquilizer can be used. These drugs inhibit the action of those enzymes that catalyse the degradation of noradrenaline. When the enzymes are inhibited, noradrenaline is slowly metabolized, and therefore it activates its receptors for a longer duration of time, and so the effect of depression is counteracted.

Why do we require artificial sweetening agents?

A large number of people in the world are suffering from diseases such as diabetes and obesity. They are advised to reduce their calorie intake. These people cannot take normal sugar (sucrose) as it is harmful to them since they add many calories. Therefore, artificial sweetening agents that do not add to the calorie intake of a person are required. These get excreted from the body in the urine unchanged. Saccharin ( 500 times as sweet as sucrose), aspartame ( 160 times as sweet as sucrose) and alitame are a few examples of artificial sweeteners.

What are the main constituents of dettol?

Dettol is an antiseptic. The main constituents of dettol are chloroxylenol and α -terpineol. It is a mixture or combination of chloroxylenol and terpineol in a suitable solvent.

Why is use of aspartame limited to cold foods and drinks?

Aspartame is an artificial sweetening agent which is 100 times as sweet as sucrose. The use of aspartame limited to cold foods and drinks because aspartame is unstable at cooking temperature. Note : The chemical formula of aspartame can be given as : C 14 H 18 N 2 O 5 .

While antacids and antiallergic drugs interfere with the function of histamines, why do these not interfere with the function of each other?

Specific drugs affect some specific receptors. Antacids and anti-allergic drugs work on different receptors. This is the reason why antacids and anti-allergic drugs do not interfere with each other functions but interfere with the functions of histamines. Secretion of histamine causes allergy.

E M B I B E

EMBIBE CHAPTER WISE PREVIOUS YEAR PAPERS FOR CHEMISTRY>Chapter -1 - Chemistry in Everyday Life>Haryana Board-2019>Q 2

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12th Haryana Board

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