Write the chemical reaction to elucidate- Glucose contains six carbon atoms in a straight chain.

A polymer chain of hexane is formed after prolonged heating with hydrogen iodide. Therefore, the chemical reaction to elucidate that glucose contains six carbon atoms in a straight chain will occur when glucose reacts with hydroiodic acid and red phosphorus at 100 ∘ C to give n-hexane.

Name the sugar moiety present in DNA.

The sugar moiety of DNA is β ‐ D ‐ 2 ‐ deoxyribose . There is a replacement of hydroxyl group at the second carbon atom with hydrogen atom. The structure of sugar is represented below-

Explain denaturation of proteins with example.

Native protein is the most energetically stable state of a protein which are found in a biological system with a unique three-dimensional structure and biological activity. A process that changes the physical and biological properties of proteins without affecting the chemical composition of a protein is called denaturation. It is caused by certain physical or chemical treatments such as changes in pH, temperature, presence of some salts or certain chemical agents. A protein is said to be denatured when protein molecule uncoils from an ordered and specific conformation into a more random conformation and 2 ∘ and 3 ∘ structures are destroyed but 1 ∘ structure remains intact. For example Coagulation of albumins present in the white of an egg when the egg is boiled hard. Formation of cheese from milk on adding lemon juice when the globular milk protein, lactalbumin becomes fibrous.

Write the chemical reaction to elucidate- Glucose contains five -OH groups.

The reaction of glucose that can be explained only by its cyclic structure is the formation of pentaacetate. The following reaction will take place when acetylation of glucose with acetic anhydride to form glucose pentaacetate which confirms the presence of five - OH groups.

Give an example for water soluble vitamin.

Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin. Of all the vitamins it is the most highly soluble in water. The chemical name of vitamin C is ascorbic acid. It plays an important role in the normal metabolism of the amino acids and keeping our teeth, gums, joints healthy, and prevents scurvy. It heals our wounds and gives resistance against diseases and infections. The sources of vitamin C are mainly citrus fruits like amla, orange, lemon, mangoes, guava, pineapple, etc.

Name the nitrogenous base present in RNA but not in DNA.

Uracil U is the base present in RNA but not in DNA. It has the following structure: Note: DNA contains four bases, i.e., adenine A , guanine G , cytosine C and thymine T . The first three bases are same in RNA as in DNA but the fourth base is uracil (U).

What are non-essential amino acids?

Non-essential amino acids: The amino acids which can be synthesised in the body, even if we do not get them from the food we eat are called non-essential amino acids. These include alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine. On the other hand, the acid which cannot be synthesised in our body and must be obtained through diet are known as essential amino acids. These are histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine.

Write Haworth structure of "Lactose".

The Haworth structure of Lactose is given below: This disaccharide is found in milk and is commonly known as milk sugar. It is composed of β - D - glucose. The linkage is between C 1 of galactose and C 4 of glucose. Free aldehyde group may be produced at C - 1 of glucose unit, hence it is also a reducing sugar.

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Write Zwitter ionic structure of "glycine".

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