Define the homologous series.

Homologous series is a series of organic compounds with similar chemical properties and same functional group differing from the successive member by CH 2 group. Each member of a homologous series is called a homologue. For example, methane and ethane are homologues and belong to the same homologous series.

Write any two differences between soap and detergent.

The difference between soaps and detergents are as follows- Soap Detergent They are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids (fatty acids). They are ammonium or sulphonate salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. They are not effective in hard water and saline water and form insoluble precipitate called scum in hard water. They do not lose their effectiveness in hard water and saline water. They do not form scum.

Draw the structures for the following: 2. Bromopentane

The chemical formula of bromopentane is C 5 H 11 Br . Its structure can be drawn as-

Draw the structures for the following: Ethanoic acid

The chemical formula of ethanoic acid is CH 3 COOH . Its structure can be drawn as-

Draw the electron dot structure of the following: CO 2

In carbon dioxide molecule, the two oxygen atoms are bonded on either side with carbon atom by double bonds. The electron dot structure of carbon dioxide is-

Draw the electron dot structure of the following: CH 4

In electron dot structure we represent the valence electrons of the atoms within the molecule forming the bonds. Thus, Carbon has 4 valence electrons while hydrogen has one. They share one electron each to form a C−H single bond in a methane molecule. The electron dot of methane molecule is as follows:

The combining capacity of an element is called valency. The valence electrons determine the combining capacity of an atom. The number of bonds that an atom can form as part of a compound is expressed by the valency of the element. For example- The valency of hydrogen is 1, oxygen is 2, carbon is 4, etc.

Define detergents. Write any three differences between a soap and a detergent.

Detergents are sodium salts of sulphonic acids or ammonium salts with chlorides or bromides ions, etc. The charged ends of these compounds do not form insoluble precipitates with the calcium and magnesium ions in hard water. Detergents are usually used to make shampoos and products for cleaning clothes. The difference between soaps and detergents are as follows- Soap Detergent They are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids (fatty acids). They are ammonium or sulphonate salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. They are not effective in hard water and saline water and form insoluble precipitate called scum in hard water. They do not lose their effectiveness in hard water and saline water. They do not form scum. They are biodegradable. They are non-biodegradable.