Excretion and Osmoregulation

This topic covers the concept of metabolism.

This topic covers concepts such as contractile vacuoles, euryhaline organisms, excretory products and their elimination, nitrogenous waste materials and ammonotelism.

This topic covers the concept of additional excretory organs in human.

This topic covers concepts such as juxtaglomerular apparatus, glomerulus, kidneys, renal cortex and renal medulla.

This topic covers concepts such as flame cells, nephridia, protonephridia and metanephridia.

This topic covers concepts such as vasa recta, renin-angiotensin mechanism, composition of urine, osmoregulation and urine formation.

This topic covers concepts such as kidney disorders, uremia, kidney failure, nephritis and acute renal failure.

This topic covers concepts such as hemodialysis, kidney transplantation, etc.