Solutions of Carbon And Its Compounds from Secondary Chemistry

This topic discusses the various types of carbon compounds. Carbon occurs in free as well as in the combined state in the earth’s crust as well as in the atmosphere. The different allotropes of carbon are diamond, graphite, and fullerenes.

This topic discusses covalent bonds. Carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing its four electrons with other atoms. It can form a single, a double, or a triple bond.

In this topic, we will learn about covalent bonding in hydrogen molecule. Hydrogen has 1 electron in its valence shell. In hydrogen molecule, each hydrogen atom shares its one electron with the other hydrogen atom to form a covalent bond.

This topic discusses covalent bonding in water molecule. Hydrogen and oxygen possess 1 and 6 electrons in their valence shell, respectively. In molecule, there are two covalent bonds formed between O and H atoms.

This topic discusses covalent bonding in ammonia molecule. Hydrogen and nitrogen possess 1 and 5 electrons in their valence shell, respectively. In molecule, there are 3 covalent bonds formed between N and H atoms.

This topic discusses double bonding between C and O atoms in molecule.The number of valence electrons in carbon and oxygen atoms are 4 and 6, respectively. In molecule, each oxygen atom is attached to a carbon atom by a double bond.

This topic explains why carbon atoms form only covalent bond. The atomic number of C is 6 and its electronic configuration is 2,4. It has 4 electrons in its valence shell. It neither loses nor gains electrons to maintain its stability.

This topic discusses covalent bonding in a methane molecule. Hydrogen and carbon possess 1 and 4 electrons in their valence shell, respectively. In molecule, there are 4 covalent bonds formed between C and H atoms.

This topic discusses double bonds in ethene molecule. Both carbon atoms are joined to each other by a double bond, and each carbon atom is attached to 2 hydrogen atoms by a single bond.

This topic discusses triple bonds in ethyne molecule. Both the carbon atoms are joined to each other by a triple bond and each carbon atom is attached to a hydrogen atom by a single bond.

In this topic, we will learn about the classification of chemical compounds. Chemical compounds are classified into inorganic and organic compounds. Organic compounds contain C along with H and other elements such as O, N, etc.

This topic explains the types of organic compounds. The different types of organic compounds are alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ethers, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, amines, and halides. They possess different functional groups in them.

This topic explains a functional group as an atom or a group of atoms that possess some characteristic properties. They impart specific properties to an organic compound. These properties can be used to identify which functional group is present in a given compound.

This topic discusses in detail the nomenclature of organic compounds. The name of a compound is divided into three parts, namely, prefix, word root, and suffix in the IUPAC system.

In this topic, we will learn about hydrocarbons. A class of compounds that are composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms are called hydrocarbons. In nature, these occur in coal, petroleum, and natural gas.

In this topic, we will learn how to classify hydrocarbons. Compounds containing both carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are classified into open chain and closed chain compounds which can be saturated or unsaturated.

This topic discusses alkanes in detail. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons as the tetravalency of each carbon atom is satisfied by a single covalent bond.

This topic describes the nomenclature of alkanes. The names of alkanes are divided into suffix and prefix. The suffix of an alkane is -ane and the prefix depends on the number of C atoms present in the alkane.

In this topic, we will learn about homologous series. Homologous series have the same functional group. In these series, the melting and boiling points increase with an increase in the molecular mass of a compound.

This topic discusses the chemical properties of alkanes. Alkanes undergo combustion with oxygen to release carbon dioxide and water. Controlled oxidation of forms different products depending on the catalyst.

In this topic, we will learn about alkenes. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons in which at least one double bond is present between 2 carbon atoms.

This topic discusses the nomenclature of alkenes. The names of alkenes are divided into two parts: suffix and prefix. The suffix of an alkene is -ene and the prefix depends on the number of C atoms present in the alkene.

This topic discusses the addition reactions shown by ethene. Ethene shows addition reactions with other molecules. In halogenation reactions, , and are added to ethene.

This topic describes the combustion of ethane. Ethene undergoes combustion in the presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water, and a large amount of heat. This reaction is highly exothermic.

This topic explains the polymerization of ethene. Ethene undergoes polymerisation when it is heated at 400°C under very high pressure to form polythene.

This topic discusses the uses of ethene. Ethene is used for the production of polymers such as polythene, polyvinyl chloride, etc. A mixture of ethene and oxygen is used in medicines.

This topic discusses the tests of ethene. When in is added to ethene, its reddish-brown colour gets decolourised due to the addition of across the double bond in .

This topic discusses the general study of alkynes. Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons in which at least one triple bond is present between 2 carbon atoms.

This topic discusses the nomenclature of alkynes. The names of alkynes are divided into two parts: suffix and prefix. The suffix of an alkyne is -yne and the prefix depends on the number of C atoms present in the alkyne.

This topic discusses the chemical properties of ethyne. Ethyne undergoes addition reaction with in the presence of light to form carbon and HCl. It undergoes combustion reaction to form , and heat.

This topic explains the uses to ethyne. It is used for welding and cutting steel due to high flame temperature produced by its reaction with oxygen. It is used for the illuminating purpose in burners. It is also used to manufacture compounds.

This topic discusses the formation of a flame. The flame is a bright zone of glowing and burning gaseous material. The flame of a Bunsen burner consists of dark zone, blue zone, luminous zone, and nonluminous zone.

This topic discusses alcohols. Alcohols are the organic compounds which contain OH group as the main functional group. It is formed by the attachment of a hydroxyl group to an alkyl group.

In this topic, we will learn about how to determine the nomenclature of alcohols. In the nomenclature of alcohols, the longest carbon chain is selected.

This topic discusses ethanol. Ethanol is a colourless volatile liquid with a pungent taste. The reactions of ethanol include oxidation, esterification, dehydration, and combustion.

This topic discusses the oxidation reaction of ethanol. Ethanol on oxidation with and initially forms ethanal which is further oxidised to form ethanoic acid. Vapours of ethanol are oxidised to ethanal on passing over heated Cu.

This Chapter from Secondary Chemistry Class X has 47 topics to practice on Carbon and its Compounds

In this topic, we will learn about the reaction of ethanol with sodium metal. On addition of sodium metal to ethanol, a displacement reaction takes place between them.

In this topic, we will learn about the dehydration reactions. These involve the removal of water from a compound. Dehydration of ethanol is performed by passing it over alumina above 350°C or by heating it in an excess of concentrated at 170°C.

This topic discusses on the combustion of ethanol. In combustion reactions, a compound is heated in the presence of a sufficient amount of O2. Ethanol burns in the presence of O2 to form carbon dioxide, water, and a large amount of heat.

This topic describes the carboxylic acids. The carboxylic acid with 16 C atoms can be either liquid or solid at room temperature. There is ethanoic acid in fruit juice which is sour due to fermentation.

This topic states that ethanoic acid is a colourless liquid with a pungent vinegar odour. Its vapours are suffocating and cause damage to the lungs. Pure ethanoic acid freezes at 16.6°C and is called glacial acetic acid.

In this topic, we will learn the chemical properties of ethanoic acid. gas is evolved when Zn is added to ethanoic acid. It forms ester on reaction with ethanol.

In this topic, we will learn the uses of ethanoic acid. Ethanoic acid is used for the manufacture of white vinegar, synthetic fibre, esters, etc.

This topic discusses esters. Esters are the alkyl derivatives of carboxylic acids. When a hydrogen ion of the carboxylic group is replaced by the alkyl group of an alcohol, an ester is formed.

This topic describes soaps and detergents. Soaps and detergents are used for the removal of dirt from clothes and utensils. There are soapy detergents and non-soapy detergents. Soapy detergents are alkali salts of fatty acids.

This topic describes in detail the cleansing action of soap. Soap acts as an emulsifying agent in water, removes oil and dirt. Soap breaks grease into droplets which are surrounded by soap films.