From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

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Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.

This chapter consists of topics like Structure and Function - Systems of specialized cells within organisms help them perform the essential functions of life.All cells contain genetic information in the form of DNA molecules. Genes are regions in the DNA that contain the instructions that code for the formation of proteins, which carry out most of the work of cells. etc.

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms.

This chapter consists of topics like Structure and Function - Multicellular organisms have a hierarchical structural organization, in which any one system is made up of numerous parts and is itself a component of the next level etc.

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.

This chapter consists of topics like Structure and Function - Feedback mechanisms maintain a living system’s internal conditions within certain limits and mediate behaviors, allowing it to remain alive and functional even as external conditions change within some range. Feedback mechanisms can encourage (through positive feedback) or discourage (negative feedback) what is going on inside the living system etc.

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.

This chapter consists of topics like Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism. etc.

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate how photosynthesis transforms light energy into stored chemical energy.

This chapter consists of topics like Organization for Matter and Energy Flow in Organisms - The process of photosynthesis converts light energy to stored chemical energy by converting carbon dioxide plus water into sugars plus released oxygen. etc.

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for how carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugar molecules may combine with other elements to form amino acids and/or other large carbon-based molecules.

This chapter consists of topics like Organization for Matter and Energy Flow in Organisms - The sugar molecules thus formed contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen: their hydrocarbon backbones are used to make amino acids and other carbon-based molecules that can be assembled into larger molecules(such as proteins or DNA), used for example to form new cells.As matter and energy flow through different organizational levels of living systems, chemical elements are recombined in different ways to form different products. etc.

Life Sciences>From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes>Use a model to illustrate that cellular respiration is a chemical process whereby the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken and the bonds in new compounds are formed resulting in a net transfer of energy.

This chapter consists of topics like Organization for Matter and Energy Flow in Organisms - As matter and energy flow through different organizational levels of living systems, chemical elements are recombined in different ways to form different products.As a result of these chemical reactions, energy istransferred from one system of interacting molecules toanother. Cellular respiration is a chemical process inwhich the bonds of food molecules and oxygen moleculesare broken and new compounds are formed that cantransport energy to muscles. Cellular respiration alsoreleases the energy needed to maintain bodytemperature despite ongoing energy transfer to thesurrounding environment. etc.