Life Sciences

This unit related to Life Sciences has 7 chapters to learn

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

This unit related to Life Sciences has 8 chapters to learn

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

This unit related to Life Sciences has 3 chapters to learn

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

This unit related to Life Sciences has 6 chapters to learn

Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity

Experiment of Gregor Mendel

Donnan Equilibrium

Hydrogen Halides: Physical Properties

Monoclonal Antibodies: Production and Applications

Sterilization With Autoclaves: How It Works?

Compound Microscope: Structure and Function

Endocytosis and Exocytosis Across the Cell

Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria

Sex Determination in Drosophila melanogaster

Evidences of Evolution: Vestigial Organs

Anatomy of a Frog's Head

Blood Vascular System - Frog

External Anatomy of Frog: Trunk

Incomplete Linkage in Drosophila

The Haldane Effect

Anatomy and Structure of Human Nails

Role of the Secondary Cell Wall in a Plant Cell

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: A Comparison

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Key Differences

Structure of Polytene Chromosomes in a Fruit Fly

Lampbrush Chromosome: An Overview

Circulatory System in Amphibians

Xerophytes, Halophytes, and Mesophytes

An Overview of the Nervous System

Characteristics of Aquatic Plants

Complete Linkage in Drosophila

Characteristics of Living Things

Anaemia

Animal Classification

Structure of Bone

Bacterial Disease: Cholera

Secondary Productivity

Productivity in Ecosystem

Respiratory Balance Sheet

Respiratory Quotient

Cell Cycle: The M Phase

Primary Productivity

Introduction to the Cell Cycle: Interphase

Kranz Anatomy - The Ring of Cells

Hatch and Slack Pathway (C4 Cycle)

Comparing the C3 and C4 Cycles

Patterns of Biodiversity

Lac Operon

Ecosystem Services

Production of Sound in Humans

Classification of Animals

Uses of Carboxylic Acids

The World of Metabolites

Cracking the Code: Human Genome Project

HGP- Observations and Applications

Evolution of Man

RNA World

Vernalisation- an overview

Amphibolic Pathway

Role of Hormones in Reproductive Functions

Gene Mutation, Types and Effects

Laboratory Preparation of Alcohols

Fallowing and Plant Nurseries

Components of Electron Transport System

Stable Community and Biodiversity Conservation

Meselson-Stahl's Experiment

Natural Matter - Our Lifeline

Bond Linking Monomers

Analysing Chemical Composition of a Cell

Hormone Receptors

Glycolysis

Deforestation

IUCN Red List

The Specialised Cells of Anabaena

Transcription

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure

Biomolecules

Habitats of Wild and Domestic Animals

Oogenesis

Factors Affecting Soil Structure

Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable Materials

The Two Worlds of Monera - Archaea and Eubacteria

Biodiversity and Megadiversity

Symptoms and Causes of a Disease

Non-infectious Diseases and Peptic Ulcer

Ecological Niche and Variation in Organisms

Amino Acid Derivative Hormones

Catalogue and Flora

Types of Biodiversity

Afforestation Programmes

DNA Polymorphism

DNA Replication

Hydrogen Halides

Loss of Biodiversity

Bulliform Cells

Chemiosmotic Hypothesis

Medicines From Plants

Why Should We Protect the Tiger?

Peptide and Protein Hormones - I

Mechanism of Steroid Hormone Action

Extinction

Acute and Chronic Diseases

Photophosphorylation

This chapter consists of topics like Organization for Matter and Energy Flow in Organisms - The process of photosynthesis converts light energy to stored chemical energy by converting carbon dioxide plus water into sugars plus released oxygen. etc.

Use a model to illustrate how photosynthesis transforms light energy into stored chemical energy.

This chapter consists of topics like Structure and Function - Multicellular organisms have a hierarchical structural organization, in which any one system is made up of numerous parts and is itself a component of the next level etc.

Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms.

This chapter consists of topics like Natural Selection - Natural selection occurs only if there is both (1) variation in thegenetic information between organisms in a population and (2)variation in the expression of that genetic information—that is,trait variation—that leads to differences in performance amongindividuals.The traits that positively affect survival are more likely to be reproduced, and thus are more common in the population. etc.

Apply concepts of statistics and probability to support explanations that organisms with an advantageous heritable trait tend to increase in proportion to organisms lacking this trait.

This chapter consists of topics like Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems - Ecosystems have carrying capacities, which are limits to the numbers of organisms and populations they can support. These limits result from such factors as the availability of living and nonliving resources and from such challenges such as predation, competition, and disease. Organisms would have the capacity to produce populations of great size were it not for the fact that environments and resources are finite. This fundamental tension affects the abundance (number of individuals) of species in any given ecosystem. etc.

Use mathematical and/or computational representations to support explanations of factors that affect carrying capacity of ecosystems at different scales.

This chapter consists of topics like Adaptation - Changes in the physical environment, whether naturallyoccurring or human induced, have thus contributed to theexpansion of some species, the emergence of new distinctspecies as populations diverge under different conditions, and the decline–and sometimes the extinction–of some species.Species become extinct because they can no longer survive and reproduce in their altered environment. If members cannot adjust to change that is too fast or drastic, the opportunity for the species’ evolution is lost. etc.

Evaluate the evidence supporting claims that changes in environmental conditions may result in: (1) increases in the number of individuals of some species, (2) the emergence of new species over time, and (3) the extinction of other species.

This chapter consists of topics like Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are important components of the carbon cycle, in which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans, and geosphere through chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes. etc.

Develop a model to illustrate the role of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cycling of carbon among the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.

This chapter consists of topics like Ecosystem Dynamics, Functioning, and Resilience - A complex set of interactions within an ecosystem can keep itsnumbers and types of organisms relatively constant over longperiods of time under stable conditions. If a modest biological orphysical disturbance to an ecosystem occurs, it may return to itsmore or less original status (i.e., the ecosystem is resilient), asopposed to becoming a very different ecosystem. Extremefluctuations in conditions or the size of any population, however, canchallenge the functioning of ecosystems in terms of resources andhabitat availability. etc.

Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning that the complex interactions in ecosystems maintain relatively consistent numbers and types of organisms in stable conditions, but changing conditions may result in a new ecosystem.

This chapter consists of topics like Adaptation - Natural selection leads to adaptation, that is, to a population dominated by organisms that are anatomically, behaviorally, and physiologically well suited to survive and reproduce in a specific environment. That is, the differential survival and reproduction of organisms in a population that have an advantageous heritable trait leads to an increase in the proportion of individuals in future generations that have the trait and to a decrease in the proportion of individuals that do not. etc.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how natural selection leads to adaptation of populations.

Use mathematical representations to support and revise explanations based on evidence about factors affecting biodiversity and populations in ecosystems of different scales.

This chapter consists of topics like Organization for Matter and Energy Flow in Organisms - The sugar molecules thus formed contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen: their hydrocarbon backbones are used to make amino acids and other carbon-based molecules that can be assembled into larger molecules(such as proteins or DNA), used for example to form new cells.As matter and energy flow through different organizational levels of living systems, chemical elements are recombined in different ways to form different products. etc.

Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for how carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugar molecules may combine with other elements to form amino acids and/or other large carbon-based molecules.

This chapter consists of topics like Variation of Traits - In sexual reproduction, chromosomes can sometimesswap sections during the process of meiosis (celldivision), thereby creating new genetic combinationsand thus more genetic variation. Although DNAreplication is tightly regulated and remarkably accurate,errors do occur and result in mutations, which are alsoa source of genetic variation. Environmental factors canalso cause mutations in genes, and viable mutationsare inherited.Environmental factors also affect expression of traits, and hence affect the probability of occurrences of traits in a population. Thus the variation and distribution of traits observed depends on both genetic and environmental factors. etc.

Make and defend a claim based on evidence that inheritable genetic variations may result from: (1) new genetic combinations through meiosis, (2) viable errors occurring during replication, and/or (3) mutations caused by environmental factors.

This chapter consists of topics like Organization for Matter and Energy Flow in Organisms - As matter and energy flow through different organizational levels of living systems, chemical elements are recombined in different ways to form different products.As a result of these chemical reactions, energy istransferred from one system of interacting molecules toanother. Cellular respiration is a chemical process inwhich the bonds of food molecules and oxygen moleculesare broken and new compounds are formed that cantransport energy to muscles. Cellular respiration alsoreleases the energy needed to maintain bodytemperature despite ongoing energy transfer to thesurrounding environment. etc.

Use a model to illustrate that cellular respiration is a chemical process whereby the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken and the bonds in new compounds are formed resulting in a net transfer of energy.

This chapter consists of topics like Growth and Development of Organisms - In multicellular organisms individual cells grow and then divide via a process called mitosis, thereby allowing the organism to grow. The organism begins as a single cell (fertilized egg) that divides successively to produce many cells, with each parent cell passing identical genetic material (two variants of each chromosome pair) to both daughter cells. Cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex organism, composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism. etc.

Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.

This chapter consists of topics like Natural Selection - Natural selection occurs only if there is both (1) variation in the genetic information between organisms in a population and (2) variation in the expression of that genetic information—that is, trait variation—that leads to differences in performance among individuals. etc.

Construct an explanation based on evidence that the process of evolution primarily results from four factors: (1) the potential for a species to increase in number, (2) the heritable genetic variation of individuals in a species due to mutation and sexual reproduction, (3) competition for limited resources, and (4) the proliferation of those organisms that are better able to survive and reproduce in the environment.

This chapter consists of topics like Structure and Function - Feedback mechanisms maintain a living system’s internal conditions within certain limits and mediate behaviors, allowing it to remain alive and functional even as external conditions change within some range. Feedback mechanisms can encourage (through positive feedback) or discourage (negative feedback) what is going on inside the living system etc.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.

This chapter consists of topics like Structure and Function - Systems of specialized cells within organisms help them perform the essential functions of life.All cells contain genetic information in the form of DNA molecules. Genes are regions in the DNA that contain the instructions that code for the formation of proteins, which carry out most of the work of cells. etc.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.

This chapter consists of topics like Variation of Traits - Environmental factors also affect expression of traits, and hence affect the probability of occurrences of traits in a population. Thus the variation and distribution of traits observed depends on both genetic and environmental factors. etc.

Apply concepts of statistics and probability to explain the variation and distribution of expressed traits in a population.

This chapter consists of topics like Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Photosynthesis and cellular respiration (including anaerobic processes) provide most of the energy for life processes etc.

Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for the cycling of matter and flow of energy in aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

This chapter consists of topics like Evidence of Common Ancestry and Diversity - Genetic information provides evidence of evolution. DNAsequences vary among species, but there are many overlaps;in fact, the ongoing branching that produces multiple lines ofdescent can be inferred by comparing the DNA sequences ofdifferent organisms. Such information is also derivable from thesimilarities and differences in amino acid sequences and fromanatomical and embryological evidence. etc.

Communicate scientific information that common ancestry and biological evolution are supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence.

This chapter consists of topics like Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems - Plants or algae form the lowest level of the food web. At each link upward in a food web, only a small fraction of the matter consumed at the lower level is transferred upward, to produce growth and release energy in cellular respiration at the higher level. Given this inefficiency, there are generally fewer organisms at higher levels of a food web. Some matter reacts to release energy for life functions, some matter is stored in newly made structures, and much is discarded. The chemical elements that make up the molecules of organisms pass through food webs and into and out of the atmosphere and soil, and they are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in an ecosystem, matter and energy are conserved. etc.

Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.

Plant DNA Isolation: SDS Method

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