Natural Phenomena

The chapter explains the concept of lightning. It discusses charges, the properties of charges and static charge. It also explains what electroscopes are, the causes of lightning, safety measures against lightning, and the concept of lightning conductors.

This chapter talks about the reflection of light on different surfaces in different forms, and the characteristics of image formation. It describes the diffusion of white light. It also explains the various concepts pertaining to the human eye.

The chapter introduces various celestial bodies, such as the stars, planets and other objects in the solar system. We learn about artificial and natural satellites and their uses. It also talks about the units used to measure the distance in space.

The chapter discusses earthquakes by talking about some major earthquakes of the past. It explains how to measure earthquakes using the Richter scale. It also discusses the causes of earthquakes, seismic zones in India, and precaution during an earthquake.